الرئيسية
theClassification systems have been developed to indicate#
relationship among the various species of parasites, and these
schemes have been based primarily on life cycles and morphology
of the organism. Closely related species are placed in
the same genus, related genera in the same family, related
families in the same order, related orders in the same class, and
related classes in the same phylum, one of the major categories
in the animal kingdom. Organisms in each category will have
characteristics in common.
Parasites of humans are classified in six major divisions.
These include the Protozoa (amebae, flagellates, ciliates, sporozoans,
coccidia, microsporidia), the Nematoda or roundworms,
the Platyhelminthes or flatworms (cestodes, trematodes), the
Pentastomids or tongue worms (may be grouped with the
arthropods), the Acanthocephala or thorny-headed worms, and
the Arthropoda (e.g., insects, spiders, mites, ticks). Although
these categories appear to be clearly defined, there may be
confusion in attempting to classify parasites,
often due to the
lack of known specimens or the presence of strains or races of
the same species with slightly different characteristics.
Reproductive mechanisms have been used as a basis for
determining definitions of species, but there are many exceptions
within parasite groups. Another difficulty in recognition
of species is the ability and tendency of the organisms to alter
their morphological forms according to age, host, or nutrition,
which may result in different names for the same organism. In
many cases, there may be alternation of parasitic and freeliving
phases in the life cycle. These organisms may be very
different and difficult to recognize as belonging to the same
species. However, newer molecular methods of grouping organisms
have often confirmed taxonomic conclusions reached
hundreds of years before by experienced taxonomists. As studies
continue in parasitic genetics, immunology, and biochemistry,
the species designation will be defined more clearly by
use of highly sophisticated molecular techniques.
No attempt has been made to include every possible organism,
but only those considered to be clinically relevant in the
context of human parasitology. Not every organism listed below
is a human pathogen. Also, although new classification
names are proposed frequently and there may be some disagreement
among scientists, this list is designed to provide
nomenclature that is currently in use.
Protozoa
Amebae (Intestinal)
Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba dispar*
Entamoeba hartmanni
Entamoeba coli
Entamoeba polecki
Endolimax nana
Iodamoeba bu¨tschlii
Blastocystis hominis
Flagellates (Intestinal)
Giardia lamblia†
Chilomastix mesnili
Dientamoeba fragilis
Trichomonas hominis
Enteromonas hominis
Retortamonas intestinalis
Ciliates (Intestinal
Balantidium coli
Coccidia, Microsporidia (Intestinal
Coccidia
Cryptosporidium parvum
Cyclospora cayetanensis
Isospora belli
Sarcocystis hominis
Sarcocystis suihominis
Microsporidia
Enterocytozoon bieneusi
Encephalitozoon intestinalis
Sporozoa, Flagellates (Blood, Tissue)
Sporozoa (Malaria and Babesiosis)
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium falciparum
Babesia
Flagellates (Leishmaniae, Trypanosomes)
Leishmania tropica ]complex
Leishmania mexicana complex
Leishmania braziliensis complex
Leishmania donovani [complex
Leishmania peruviana
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
Trypanosoma cruzi
Trypanosoma rangeli
]Amebae, Flagellates (Other Body Sites)
Amebae
Naegleria fowleri
Acanthamoeba species
Entamoeba gingivalis
Balamuthia mandrillaris Leptomyxid ameba</I>
</FONT></FONT>Flagellates
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomonas tenax
</I>[size=24]Coccidia, Sporozoa, Microsporidia (Other Body Sites]
Coccidia
Toxoplasma gondii
Sarcocystis “lindemanni”
Sporozoa
Pneumocystis carinii
Microsporidia
Nosema connori
Vittaforma corneae
Pleistophora
Trachipleistophora hominis
Brachiola
Encephalitozoon hellum
Encephalitozoon cuniculi
Encephalitozoon intestinalis
Encephalitozoon bieneusi
“Microsporidium”
Enterocytozoon
bieneusi
Nematodes (Roundworms
Intestinal
Ascaris lumbricoides
Enterobius vermicularis
Ancylostoma duodenale
Necator americanus
Strongyloides stercoralis
Trichostrongylus species
Trichuris trichiura
Capillaria philippinensis
Tissue
Trichinella spiralis
Visceral larva migrans (Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati
Ocular larva migrans (Toxocara canis orToxocara cati
Cutaneous larva migrans (Ancylostoma braziliense or
]
Ancylostoma caninum
Dracunculus medinensis
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Angiostrongylus costaricensis
Gnathostoma spinigerum
Anisakisspecies (larvae from saltwater fish)
Phocanema species (larvae from saltwater fish)
Contracaecum species (larvae from saltwater fish)
Eustrongylides species
Capillaria hepatica
Thelazia
Gnathostoma
Blood and Tissues (Filarial Worms
Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
Brugia timori
Loa loa
Onchocerca volvulus
Mansonella ozzardi
Mansonella streptocerca
Mansonella perstans
Dirofilaria immitis (usually lung lesion; in dogs, heartworm)
Dirofilaria species (may be found in subcutaneous nodules</I>
</FONT></FONT>Cestodes (Tapeworms]
Intestinal
Diphyllobothrium latum
Dipylidium caninum
Hymenolepis nana
Hymenolepis diminuta
Taenia solium
Taenia saginata
[size=24]Tissue (Larval Forms)
Taenia solium
Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus multilocularis
Taenia multiceps formerly Multiceps multiceps
Taenia serialis
Spirometra mansonoides
Spirometra mansoni
Diphyllobothrium
[size=24]Trematodes (Flukes)[
Intestinal
Fasciolopsis buski
Echinostoma ilocanum
Heterophyes heterophyes
Metagonimus yokogawai
relationship among the various species of parasites, and these
schemes have been based primarily on life cycles and morphology
of the organism. Closely related species are placed in
the same genus, related genera in the same family, related
families in the same order, related orders in the same class, and
related classes in the same phylum, one of the major categories
in the animal kingdom. Organisms in each category will have
characteristics in common.
Parasites of humans are classified in six major divisions.
These include the Protozoa (amebae, flagellates, ciliates, sporozoans,
coccidia, microsporidia), the Nematoda or roundworms,
the Platyhelminthes or flatworms (cestodes, trematodes), the
Pentastomids or tongue worms (may be grouped with the
arthropods), the Acanthocephala or thorny-headed worms, and
the Arthropoda (e.g., insects, spiders, mites, ticks). Although
these categories appear to be clearly defined, there may be
confusion in attempting to classify parasites,
often due to the
lack of known specimens or the presence of strains or races of
the same species with slightly different characteristics.
Reproductive mechanisms have been used as a basis for
determining definitions of species, but there are many exceptions
within parasite groups. Another difficulty in recognition
of species is the ability and tendency of the organisms to alter
their morphological forms according to age, host, or nutrition,
which may result in different names for the same organism. In
many cases, there may be alternation of parasitic and freeliving
phases in the life cycle. These organisms may be very
different and difficult to recognize as belonging to the same
species. However, newer molecular methods of grouping organisms
have often confirmed taxonomic conclusions reached
hundreds of years before by experienced taxonomists. As studies
continue in parasitic genetics, immunology, and biochemistry,
the species designation will be defined more clearly by
use of highly sophisticated molecular techniques.
No attempt has been made to include every possible organism,
but only those considered to be clinically relevant in the
context of human parasitology. Not every organism listed below
is a human pathogen. Also, although new classification
names are proposed frequently and there may be some disagreement
among scientists, this list is designed to provide
nomenclature that is currently in use.
Protozoa
Amebae (Intestinal)
Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba dispar*
Entamoeba hartmanni
Entamoeba coli
Entamoeba polecki
Endolimax nana
Iodamoeba bu¨tschlii
Blastocystis hominis
Flagellates (Intestinal)
Giardia lamblia†
Chilomastix mesnili
Dientamoeba fragilis
Trichomonas hominis
Enteromonas hominis
Retortamonas intestinalis
Ciliates (Intestinal
Balantidium coli
Coccidia, Microsporidia (Intestinal
Coccidia
Cryptosporidium parvum
Cyclospora cayetanensis
Isospora belli
Sarcocystis hominis
Sarcocystis suihominis
Microsporidia
Enterocytozoon bieneusi
Encephalitozoon intestinalis
Sporozoa, Flagellates (Blood, Tissue)
Sporozoa (Malaria and Babesiosis)
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium falciparum
Babesia
Flagellates (Leishmaniae, Trypanosomes)
Leishmania tropica ]complex
Leishmania mexicana complex
Leishmania braziliensis complex
Leishmania donovani [complex
Leishmania peruviana
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
Trypanosoma cruzi
Trypanosoma rangeli
]Amebae, Flagellates (Other Body Sites)
Amebae
Naegleria fowleri
Acanthamoeba species
Entamoeba gingivalis
Balamuthia mandrillaris Leptomyxid ameba</I>
</FONT></FONT>Flagellates
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomonas tenax
</I>[size=24]Coccidia, Sporozoa, Microsporidia (Other Body Sites]
Coccidia
Toxoplasma gondii
Sarcocystis “lindemanni”
Sporozoa
Pneumocystis carinii
Microsporidia
Nosema connori
Vittaforma corneae
Pleistophora
Trachipleistophora hominis
Brachiola
Encephalitozoon hellum
Encephalitozoon cuniculi
Encephalitozoon intestinalis
Encephalitozoon bieneusi
“Microsporidium”
Enterocytozoon
bieneusi
Nematodes (Roundworms
Intestinal
Ascaris lumbricoides
Enterobius vermicularis
Ancylostoma duodenale
Necator americanus
Strongyloides stercoralis
Trichostrongylus species
Trichuris trichiura
Capillaria philippinensis
Tissue
Trichinella spiralis
Visceral larva migrans (Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati
Ocular larva migrans (Toxocara canis orToxocara cati
Cutaneous larva migrans (Ancylostoma braziliense or
]
Ancylostoma caninum
Dracunculus medinensis
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Angiostrongylus costaricensis
Gnathostoma spinigerum
Anisakisspecies (larvae from saltwater fish)
Phocanema species (larvae from saltwater fish)
Contracaecum species (larvae from saltwater fish)
Eustrongylides species
Capillaria hepatica
Thelazia
Gnathostoma
Blood and Tissues (Filarial Worms
Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
Brugia timori
Loa loa
Onchocerca volvulus
Mansonella ozzardi
Mansonella streptocerca
Mansonella perstans
Dirofilaria immitis (usually lung lesion; in dogs, heartworm)
Dirofilaria species (may be found in subcutaneous nodules</I>
</FONT></FONT>Cestodes (Tapeworms]
Intestinal
Diphyllobothrium latum
Dipylidium caninum
Hymenolepis nana
Hymenolepis diminuta
Taenia solium
Taenia saginata
[size=24]Tissue (Larval Forms)
Taenia solium
Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus multilocularis
Taenia multiceps formerly Multiceps multiceps
Taenia serialis
Spirometra mansonoides
Spirometra mansoni
Diphyllobothrium
[size=24]Trematodes (Flukes)[
Intestinal
Fasciolopsis buski
Echinostoma ilocanum
Heterophyes heterophyes
Metagonimus yokogawai
